In Walter Scott's 1820 novel The Abbot, a character observes that "yonder stands Auld Reekie-you may see the smoke hover over her at twenty miles' distance". The city is affectionately nicknamed Auld Reekie, Scots for Old Smoky, for the views from the country of the smoke-covered Old Town. Nicknames Surgeons' Hall, one of the Greek Revival buildings that earned Edinburgh the nickname "Athens of the North" In Scottish Gaelic din becomes dùn, producing modern Dùn Èideann. As the language shifted from Cumbric to Northumbrian Old English and then Scots, the Brittonic din in Din Eidyn was replaced by burh, producing Edinburgh. A siege of Din Eidyn by Oswald, king of the Angles of Northumbria in 638 marked the beginning of three centuries of Germanic influence in south east Scotland that laid the foundations for the development of Scots, before the town was ultimately subsumed in 954 by the kingdom known to the English as Scotland. This stronghold is believed to have been located at Castle Rock, now the site of Edinburgh Castle. The district of Eidyn was centred on the stronghold of Din Eidyn, the dun or hillfort of Eidyn. "Edin", the root of the city's name, derives from Eidyn, the name for the region in Cumbric, the Brittonic Celtic language formerly spoken there. The city is in the Lothian region and was historically part of the shire of Midlothian (also called Edinburghshire). The City of Edinburgh council area had an estimated population of 526,470 in mid-2021, and includes outlying towns and villages which are not part of Edinburgh proper. Įdinburgh is governed by the City of Edinburgh Council, a unitary authority. The city's historical and cultural attractions have made it the UK's second-most visited tourist destination, attracting 4.9 million visits, including 2.4 million from overseas in 2018. Edinburgh's Old Town and New Town together are listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, which has been managed by Edinburgh World Heritage since 1999. Giles, Greyfriars and the Canongate, and the extensive Georgian New Town built in the 18th/19th centuries. Historic sites in Edinburgh include Edinburgh Castle, the Palace of Holyroodhouse, the churches of St. The city is also known for the Edinburgh International Festival and the Fringe, the latter being the world's largest annual international arts festival. The city is a cultural centre, and is the home of institutions including the National Museum of Scotland, the National Library of Scotland and the Scottish National Gallery. It is the second-largest financial centre in the United Kingdom, the fourth largest in Europe, and the thirteenth largest internationally. The University of Edinburgh, founded in 1582 and now one of three in the city, is considered one of the best research institutions in the world. The city has long been a centre of education, particularly in the fields of medicine, Scottish law, literature, philosophy, the sciences and engineering. It is also the annual venue of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland. Recognised as the capital of Scotland since at least the 15th century, Edinburgh is the seat of the Scottish Government, the Scottish Parliament, the highest courts in Scotland, and the Palace of Holyroodhouse, the official residence of the British monarch in Scotland. Edinburgh had a population ofĥ06,520 in mid-2020, making it the second-most populous city in Scotland and the seventh-most populous in the United Kingdom. The city is located in south-east Scotland, and is bound to the north by the Firth of Forth estuary and to the south by the Pentland Hills. Edinburgh ( / ˈ ɛ d ɪ n b ər ə/ ⓘ Scots: Scottish Gaelic: Dùn Èideann ) is the capital city of Scotland and one of its 32 council areas.
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